Subprocess¶

Usage

use Subprocess;

or

import Subprocess;

Support launching and interacting with other programs.

Using functions in this module, one can create a subprocess and possibly capture its output. It is also possible to provide input to a subprocess.

To start a subprocess, use spawn or spawnshell. To wait for the subprocess process to finish, use the subprocess.wait or subprocess.communicate functions.

This example program produces a listing of files in the current directory with names that begin with test. by using the ls command. The output will be mixed in with the Chapel program’s output.

use Subprocess;

var sub = spawn(["ls", "test.*"]);
sub.wait();

This version also runs the ls command but uses a pipe to read the output from the ls command.

use Subprocess;

var sub = spawn(["ls", "test.*"], stdout=pipeStyle.pipe);

var line:string;
while sub.stdout.readLine(line) {
  write("ls returned: ", line);
}

sub.wait();

Here is an example program that provides input to a subprocess in addition to capturing its output. This version uses the cat command, which just prints back its input.

use Subprocess;

var sub = spawn(["cat"], stdin=pipeStyle.bufferAll, stdout=pipeStyle.pipe);

sub.stdin.writeln("Hello");
sub.stdin.writeln("World");

sub.communicate();

var line:string;
while sub.stdout.readLine(line) {
  write("Got line: ", line);
}

// prints out:
// Got line: Hello
// Got line: World

Here is a final example in which the Chapel program uses 2 tasks to work with a subprocess. One task is producing data and the other task is consuming it.

use Subprocess;

var input = ["a", "b", "c"];

var sub = spawn(["cat"], stdin=pipeStyle.pipe, stdout=pipeStyle.pipe);
cobegin {
  {
    // one task writes data to the subprocess
    for x in input {
      sub.stdin.writeln(x);
    }
    // this close is important; otherwise the other task blocks forever
    sub.stdin.close();
  }

  {
    var line:string;
    while sub.stdout.readln(line) {
      writeln("Got line ", line);
    }
  }
}
sub.wait();

// prints out:
// Got line: a
// Got line: b
// Got line: c

Note

Creating a subprocess that uses pipeStyle.pipe to provide input or capture output does not work when using the ugni communications layer with hugepages enabled and when using more than one locale. In this circumstance, the program will halt with an error message. These scenarios do work when using GASNet instead of the ugni layer.

Reading or Writing in Binary Format¶

To read or write from stdin or stdout in binary format, use the withSerializer and withDeserializer methods to create binary-serializing aliases of stdin and stdout. For example, consider the following program that writes the numbers 1 through 10 in binary to the hexdump utility:

use IO, Subprocess;

var sub = spawn(["hexdump", "-C"], stdin=pipeStyle.pipe, stdout=pipeStyle.pipe);

// Use 'withSerializer' to create a binary-serializing alias of 'sub.stdin'
var bin = sub.stdin.withSerializer(binarySerializer);

for i in 1..10 do bin.write(i:uint(8));

sub.communicate();

var line : string;
while sub.stdout.readLine(line) do
  write(line);

This program prints:

00000000  01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08  09 0a                    |..........|
0000000a

Please refer to binarySerializer and binaryDeserializer for more information on their supported format.

record subprocess¶

This record represents a subprocess.

Note that the subprocess will not be waited for if this record goes out of scope. Channels opened to communicate with the subprocess will be closed if the record goes out of scope, however.

Generally, it is important to call subprocess.wait to wait for the process to complete. If the parent process is using pipes to communicate with the subprocess, the parent process may call subprocess.close in order to close the pipes and free any buffers. Such calls are generally not needed since the channels will be closed when the subprocess record is automatically destroyed.

param locking : bool¶: used to create the types for any fileReaders/fileWriters that are necessary.

var pid : int(64)¶: The Process ID number of the spawned process

var running : bool¶: false if this library knows that the subprocess is not running

var exitCode : int¶: The exit status from the subprocess, or possibly a value >= 256 if there was an error when creating the subprocess

proc stdin throws¶

Access the stdin pipe for the subprocess. The parent process can write to the subprocess through this pipe if the subprocess was created with stdin=pipeStyle.pipe.

Throws:: SystemError – If the subprocess does not have a stdin pipe open.

proc stdout throws¶

Access the stdout pipe for the subprocess. The parent process can read from the subprocess through this pipe if the subprocess was created with stdout=pipeStyle.pipe.

Throws:: SystemError – If the subprocess does not have a stdout pipe open.

proc stderr throws¶

Access the stderr pipe for the subprocess. The parent process can read from the subprocess through this pipe if the subprocess was created with stderr=pipeStyle.pipe.

Throws:: SystemError – If the subprocess does not have a stderr pipe open.

enum pipeStyle { forward, close, pipe, stdout, bufferAll }¶

Styles of piping to use in a subprocess.

enum constant forward¶: forward indicates that the child process should inherit the stdin/stdout/stderr of this process.

enum constant close¶: close indicates that the child process should close its stdin/stdout/stderr.

enum constant pipe¶: pipe indicates that the spawn operation should set up a pipe between the parent process and the child process so that the parent process can provide input to the child process or capture its output.

enum constant stdout¶: stdout indicates that the stderr stream of the child process should be forwarded to its stdout stream.

enum constant bufferAll¶: bufferAll is the same as pipe, but when used for stdin causes all data to be buffered and sent on the communicate() call. This avoids certain deadlock scenarios where stdout or stderr are pipe. In particular, without bufferAll, the sub-process might block on writing output which will not be consumed until the communicate() call.

proc spawn(args: [] string, env: [] string = Subprocess.empty_env, executable = "", stdin: ?t = pipeStyle.forward, stdout: ?u = pipeStyle.forward, stderr: ?v = pipeStyle.forward, param locking = true) throws¶

Create a subprocess.

Arguments:

args – An array of strings storing the command to run and its arguments. The command to run is always the first argument. The command could be found in the current PATH or it could be a full path to a file to execute. If the executable argument is set, the first argument will be the name of the spawned program provided to that program and typically shown in process listings.
env – An array of strings storing the environment to use when spawning the child process instead of forwarding the current environment. By default, this argument is an empty array. In that case, the current environment will be forwarded to the child process.
executable – By default, the executable argument is “”. In that case, the program to launch is the first element of the args array. If the executable argument is provided, it will be used instead of the first element of the args array as the program to launch. In either case, the program could be found by searching the PATH.
stdin – indicates how the standard input of the child process should be handled. It could be pipeStyle.forward, pipeStyle.close, pipeStyle.pipe, or a file descriptor number to use. Defaults to pipeStyle.forward.
stdout – indicates how the standard output of the child process should be handled. It could be pipeStyle.forward, pipeStyle.close, pipeStyle.pipe, or a file descriptor number to use. Defaults to pipeStyle.forward.
stderr – indicates how the standard error of the child process should be handled. It could be pipeStyle.forward, pipeStyle.close, pipeStyle.pipe, pipeStyle.stdout, or a file descriptor number to use. Defaults to pipeStyle.forward.
locking – Should channels created use locking? This argument is used to set subprocess.locking in the resulting subprocess. Defaults to true.

Returns:

a subprocess with locking set according to the arguments.

Throws:

IllegalArgumentError – Thrown when args is an empty array.

Some errors at process creation may be deferred until later method calls are made. These include:

BlockingIoError: If there weren’t enough system resources when the subprocess was created to create it.
PermissionError: If there were permission issues when setting up the subprocess.
SystemError: If there were other problems when initially setting up the subprocess.

proc spawnshell(command: string, env: [] string = Subprocess.empty_env, stdin: ?t = pipeStyle.forward, stdout: ?u = pipeStyle.forward, stderr: ?v = pipeStyle.forward, executable = "/bin/sh", shellarg = "-c", param locking = true) throws¶

Create a subprocess by invoking a shell.

Note

Since the command string is passed to a shell, it is very unsecure to pass user input to this command without proper quoting.

Arguments:

command – A string representing the command to run. This string will be interpreted by the shell.
env – An array of strings storing the environment to use when spawning the child process instead of forwarding the current environment. By default, this argument is an empty array. In that case, the current environment will be forwarded to the child process.
stdin – indicates how the standard input of the child process should be handled. It could be pipeStyle.forward, pipeStyle.close, pipeStyle.pipe, or a file descriptor number to use. Defaults to pipeStyle.forward.
stdout – indicates how the standard output of the child process should be handled. It could be pipeStyle.forward, pipeStyle.close, pipeStyle.pipe, or a file descriptor number to use. Defaults to pipeStyle.forward.
stderr – indicates how the standard error of the child process should be handled. It could be pipeStyle.forward, pipeStyle.close, pipeStyle.pipe, pipeStyle.stdout, or a file descriptor number to use. Defaults to pipeStyle.forward.
executable – By default, the executable argument is “/bin/sh”. That directs the subprocess to run the /bin/sh shell in order to interpret the command string.
shellarg – An argument to pass to the shell before the command string. By default this is “-c”.
locking – Should channels created use locking? This argument is used to set subprocess.locking in the resulting subprocess. Defaults to true.

Returns:

a subprocess locking set according to the arguments.

Throws:

IllegalArgumentError – Thrown when command is an empty string.

Some errors at process creation may be deferred until later method calls are made, see spawn for these errors.

proc ref subprocess.poll() throws¶

Check to see if a child process has terminated. If the child process has terminated, after this call, running will be false.

Throws:

InterruptedError – when the poll was interrupted by a signal.
SystemError – if something else has gone wrong when polling the subprocess.

proc ref subprocess.wait(buffer = true) throws¶

Wait for a child process to complete. After this function returns, running is false and exitCode stores the exit code returned by the subprocess.

If buffer is true, then this call will handle cases in which stdin, stdout, or stderr for the child process is pipeStyle pipe by writing any input to the child process and buffering up the output of the child process as necessary while waiting for it to terminate. It will do so in the same manner as subprocess.communicate.

Note

Do not use buffer false when using pipe for stdin, stdout, or stderr. If buffer is false, this function does not try to send any buffered input to the child process and so could result in a hang if the child process is waiting for input to finish. Similarly, this function does not consume the output from the child process and so the child process could hang while waiting to write data to its output while the parent process is waiting for it to complete (and not consuming its output).

Arguments:

buffer – if true, buffer input and output pipes (see above).

Throws:

BlockingIoError – when there weren’t sufficient resources to perform one of the required actions
InterruptedError – when the call was interrupted in some way.
BrokenPipeError – when a pipe for the subprocess closed early.
SystemError – when invalid values were passed to the subprocess’s stdin, or something else went wrong when shutting down the subprocess.

proc ref subprocess.communicate() throws¶

Wait for a child process to complete. After this function returns, running is false and exitCode stores the exit code returned by the subprocess.

This function handles cases in which stdin, stdout, or stderr for the child process is pipeStyle.pipe by writing any input to the child process and buffering up the output of the child process as necessary while waiting for it to terminate.

Throws:

BlockingIoError – when there weren’t sufficient resources to perform one of the required actions
InterruptedError – when the call was interrupted in some way.
BrokenPipeError – when a pipe for the subprocess closed early.
SystemError – when something went wrong when shutting down the subprocess

proc ref subprocess.close() throws¶

Close any open channels and pipes for interacting with a subprocess. This function does not wait for the subprocess to complete. Note that it is generally not necessary to call this function since these channels will be closed when the subprocess record goes out of scope.

Throws:: SystemError – If the subprocess’s stdin, stdout, or stderr were not successfully closed.

proc subprocess.sendPosixSignal(signal: int) throws¶

Send a signal to a child process.

Declarations for POSIX.1.2008 signals are provided in the OS.POSIX module. These include SIGABRT, SIGALRM, SIGBUS, SIGCHLD, SIGCONT, SIGFPE, SIGHUP, SIGILL, SIGINT, SIGKILL, SIGPIPE, SIGQUIT, SIGSEGV, SIGSTOP, SIGTERM, SIGTRAP, SIGTSTP, SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, SIGURG, SIGUSR1, SIGUSR2, SIGXCPU, SIGXFSZ.

See your system’s documentation for their meaning:

man signal

Other values for signal are system-specific and can be declared in this way, for example:

extern const SIGPOLL: c_int;

Arguments:

signal – the signal to send

Throws:

PermissionError – If the program did not have permission to send that signal to the target subprocess.
IllegalArgumentError – If an invalid signal was specified.
ProcessLookupError – If the subprocess’s pid or process group does not exist. This can also happen if the subprocess is a zombie (a process that has already committed termination but has not yet been waited for).

In addition, some errors that occurred when the process was created may be thrown when this method is called, see the documentation for spawn.

proc subprocess.abort() throws¶: Request an abnormal termination of the child process. The associated signal, SIGABRT, may be caught and handled by the child process. See subprocess.sendPosixSignal for details, including what errors can be thrown.

proc subprocess.alarm() throws¶: Send the child process an alarm signal. The associated signal, SIGALRM, may be caught and handled by the child process. See subprocess.sendPosixSignal for details, including what errors can be thrown.

proc subprocess.kill() throws¶: Unconditionally kill the child process. The associated signal, SIGKILL, cannot be caught by the child process. See subprocess.sendPosixSignal for details, including what errors can be thrown.

proc subprocess.terminate() throws¶: Request termination of the child process. The associated signal, SIGTERM, may be caught and handled by the child process. See subprocess.sendPosixSignal for details, including what errors can be thrown.