ZMQ¶

Usage

use ZMQ;

or

import ZMQ;

Lightweight messaging with ZeroMQ (or ØMQ).

This module provides high-level Chapel bindings to the ZeroMQ messaging library.

Dependencies¶

The ZMQ module in Chapel is dependent on ZeroMQ. For information on how to install ZeroMQ, see the ZeroMQ installation instructions.

Note

Chapel’s support for ZeroMQ is a work in progress and may not (yet) support the full functionality of the ZeroMQ C API.

Note

Chapel’s ZMQ module was developed for compatibility with ZeroMQ v4.x.

Using ZMQ in Chapel¶

Contexts¶

In ZeroMQ proper, a context is an opaque, thread-safe handle to manage ØMQ’s resources within a process. Typically, a process will allocate only one context, although more than one context per process is allowable [ref].

In Chapel, a Context is a reference-counted wrapper around the underlying ØMQ context. To create a context, it is sufficient to write:

var context: Context;

Sockets¶

In ZeroMQ, a socket is an opaque handle to an asynchronous, message-based communication channel that is “typed” to provide one of a series of common communication patterns (i.e., the socket type).

In Chapel, as with a Context, a Socket is a reference-counted wrapper around the underlying ØMQ socket. Sockets are created via Context.socket() and maintain a reference to the parent context, so that the parent context may go out of scope and the context will not be reclaimed while any sockets are still in use.

Note

As with ØMQ’s C API, a Socket object is not thread safe. That is, a Socket object should not be accessed concurrently by multiple Chapel tasks. (This may change in a future ZMQ module.)

A Socket may be one of the socket types in the following list of compatible pairs of socket types [ref]:

PUB and SUB
REQ and REP
PUSH and PULL
PAIR

// create a PUB socket
var context: Context;
var socket = context.socket(ZMQ.PUB);

Sending and Receiving Messages¶

Sending a message is as simple as passing the object to send as the argument to Socket.send(). Receiving a message requires that the type to be received be passed as the argument to Socket.recv(). In either case, if the object sent or type to be received cannot be serialized by ZMQ, the following error shall be produced at compile time.

// send or receive an int
var val = 42;
socket.send(val);
val = socket.recv(int);

// error: Type "Foo" is not serializable by ZMQ
class Foo { var val: int; }
socket.recv(Foo);

Multilocale Support¶

Chapel’s ZMQ module supports multilocale execution of ZeroMQ programs. The locale on which the Context object is created sets the “home” locale for all sockets created from this context and all operations performed on the socket. For example, a send call on a socket from a locale other than the home locale will migrate a task to the home locale that will remotely access the data to send it over the socket.

Examples¶

Example: “Hello, World”¶

This “Hello, World” example demonstrates a PUSH-PULL socket pair in two Chapel programs that exchange a single string message.

// pusher.chpl
use ZMQ;
config const to: string = "world!";
var context: Context;
var socket = context.socket(ZMQ.PUSH);
socket.bind("tcp://*:5555");
socket.send(to);

// puller.chpl
use ZMQ;
var context: Context;
var socket = context.socket(ZMQ.PULL);
socket.connect("tcp://localhost:5555");
writeln("Hello, ", socket.recv(string));

Implementation Notes¶

As noted previously, the ZMQ module is a work in progress. The implementation notes below describe some of how the ZMQ module is implemented and how future versions may expose more features native to ZeroMQ.

Serialization¶

In Chapel, sending or receiving messages is supported for a variety of types. Primitive numeric types, strings and bytes are supported as the foundation. In addition, user-defined record types may be serialized automatically as multipart messages by internal use of the Reflection module. Currently, the ZMQ module can serialize records of primitive numeric types, strings, bytes and other serializable records.

Interoperability¶

The ZeroMQ messaging library has robust support in many programming languages and Chapel’s ZMQ module intends on providing interfaces and serialization protocols suitable for exchanging data between Chapel and non-Chapel programs.

As an example (and test) of Chapel-Python interoperability over ZeroMQ, the following sources demonstrate a REQ-REP socket pair between a Chapel server and a Python client using the PyZMQ Python bindings for ZeroMQ.

  begin {
    var client = spawn(["./wrapper.sh", "client.py"]);
    client.communicate();
  }

// server.chpl
use ZMQ;

var context: Context;
var socket = context.socket(ZMQ.REP);
socket.bind("tcp://*:5556");

for i in 0..#10 {
  var msg = socket.recv(string);
  writeln("[Chapel] Received message: ", msg);
  socket.send("Hello %i from Chapel".format(i));
}

# client.py
import zmq

context = zmq.Context()
socket = context.socket(zmq.REQ)
socket.connect("tcp://localhost:5556")

for request in range(10):
    message = "Hello %i from Python" % request
    print("[Python] Sending request: %s" % message)
    socket.send_string(message)
    message = socket.recv_string()
    print("[Python] Received response: %s" % message)

Tasking-Layer Interaction¶

As noted previously, a Socket object is not thread safe. As the mapping of Chapel tasks to OS threads is dependent on the Chapel tasking layer and may be cooperatively scheduled, a Socket object should not be accessed concurrently by multiple Chapel tasks.

The ZMQ module is designed to “play nicely” with the Chapel tasking layer. While the C-level call zmq_send() may be a blocking call (depending on the socket type and flag arguments), it is desirable that a semantically-blocking call to Socket.send() allow other Chapel tasks to be scheduled on the OS thread as supported by the tasking layer. Internally, the ZMQ module uses non-blocking calls to zmq_send() and zmq_recv() to transfer data, and yields to the tasking layer via chpl_task_yield() when the call would otherwise block.

Limitations and Future Work¶

Currently, the ZMQ module does not provide interfaces for working with ZeroMQ message objects, handling errors, or making explicitly non-blocking send/receive calls. These are active-but-incomplete areas of work that are intended to be supported in future Chapel releases.

One interaction of these features is worth noting explicitly: because multipart messages are used to automatically serialize non-primitive data types (e.g., strings and records) and a partially-sent multi-part message cannot be canceled (except by closing the socket), an explicitly non-blocking send call that encountered an error in the ZeroMQ library during serialization would not be in a recoverable state, nor would there be a matching “partial receive”.

References¶

const PUB = ZMQ_PUB¶: The publisher socket type for a publish-subscribe messaging pattern.

const SUB = ZMQ_SUB¶: The subscriber socket type for a publish-subscribe messaging pattern.

const REQ = ZMQ_REQ¶: The requester socket type for a paired request-reply messaging pattern.

const REP = ZMQ_REP¶: The replier socket type for a paired request-reply messaging pattern.

const PUSH = ZMQ_PUSH¶: The pusher socket type for a pipeline messaging pattern.

const PULL = ZMQ_PULL¶: The puller socket type for a pipeline messaging pattern.

const PAIR = ZMQ_PAIR¶: The exclusive pair pattern socket type.

proc version: (int, int, int)¶

Query the ZMQ library version.

Returns: An (int,int,int) tuple of the major, minor, and patch version of the ZMQ library.

record Context¶

A ZeroMQ context. See more on using Contexts. Note that this record contains private fields not listed below.

proc init()¶: Create a ZMQ context.

proc socket(sockType: int): Socket¶

Create a Socket of type sockType from this context.

Arguments: sockType : int – The ZMQ socket type to be created; e.g., PUB, PUSH, etc.

record Socket¶

A ZeroMQ socket. See more on using Sockets. Note that this record contains private fields not listed below.

proc close(linger: int = unset)¶

Close the socket.

Arguments: linger : int – Optional argument to specify the linger period for the socket prior to closing. If -1, then the linger period is infinite; if non-negative, then the linger period shall be set to the specified value (in milliseconds).

proc bind(endpoint: string)¶: Bind the socket to the specified local endpoint and accept incoming connections.

proc connect(endpoint: string)¶: Connect the socket to the specified endpoint.

proc getLastEndpoint(): string throws¶

Get the last endpoint for the specified socket; see zmq_getsockopt under ZMQ_LAST_ENDPOINT.

Returns: The last endpoint set, see the link above.
Return type: string
Throws: ZMQError – Thrown when an error occurs getting the last endpoint.

proc getLinger(): c_int throws¶

Get the linger period for the specified socket; see zmq_getsockopt under ZMQ_LINGER.

Returns: The linger period for the socket, see the link above.
Return type: c_int
Throws: ZMQError – Thrown when an error occurs getting the linger.

proc setLinger(value: c_int) throws¶

Set the linger period for the specified socket; see zmq_setsockopt under ZMQ_LINGER.

Arguments: value : c_int – The new linger period for the socket.
Throws: ZMQError – Thrown when an error occurs setting the linger.

proc setSubscribe(value: ?T) throws¶

Set the message filter for the specified ZMQ_SUB socket; see zmq_setsockopt under ZMQ_SUBSCRIBE.

Arguments: value – The new message filter for the socket.
Throws: ZMQError – Thrown when an error occurs setting the message filter.

proc setUnsubscribe(value: ?T) throws¶

Remove an existing message filter for the specified ZMQ_SUB socket; see zmq_setsockopt under ZMQ_UNSUBSCRIBE.

Arguments: value – The message filter to remove from the socket.
Throws: ZMQError – Thrown when an error occurs setting the message filter.

proc send(data: ?T)¶

Send an object data on a socket.

Arguments: data – The object to be sent. If data is an object whose type is not serializable by the ZMQ module, a compile-time error will be raised.

proc recv(type T): T¶

Receive an object of type T from a socket.

Arguments: T – The type of the object to be received. If T is not serializable by the ZMQ module, a compile-time error will be raised.
Returns: An object of type T

class ZMQError: Error¶

A subclass of Error specifically for ZMQ-related errors.

Warning

The design for this subclass is subject to change. We may look into merging it with SystemError, and/or extend it to have subclasses for the various ZMQ-specific failures.

var strerror: string¶

proc init(strerror: string)¶

override proc message()¶: Provides a formatted string output for ZMQError using the value that was provided at its creation